Bagikan Artikel ini. Tidak ada komentar:. Langganan: Posting Komentar Atom. Iklan Atas Artikel. The newly independent country had no aerospace industry of its own, and thus no aerospace jobs. Instead of fixing jet engines, Cabrera was forced to make money repairing radios and telephones. In he accepted a gig with a company called Altea, servicing the boxy videogame consoles found atop Eastern European bars, where they offer drunks the chance to waste a few coins answering trivia questions or playing Tetris.
Koerner Though he wasn't much of a gambler, Cabrera was drawn to these devices. He spent hours dissecting slot electronics to learn everything he could about how they worked. The deeper he plunged, the more he came to regard slot machines as his true professional calling.
So in , Cabrera used his modest savings to found his own repair company, FE Electronic. Cabrera was particularly fond of the slots made by Nevada-based International Game Technology, which he considered by far the industry's most advanced.
Like all slots, IGT's machines are powered by proprietary circuit boards equipped with rows of memory cards; those cards, in turn, contain each game's unique software. To prevent piracy, the boards are designed to reject memory cards unless they're accompanied by a security chip programmed with an uncrackable authorization code.
Like any good hacker, Cabrera decided to express his admiration for IGT's technology by trying to beat it. Using blueprints meant to assist casino service personnel, he figured out a way to solder a half-dozen jumper wires between the memory cards and the motherboards, completing circuits that circumvented the machine's security.
This gave him the ability to load any IGT game he wanted onto the boards. If he was given a used Pharaoh's Gold machine, for example, he could convert it to a Cleopatra II by swapping in freshly programmed memory cards. However innocent his initial intentions, Cabrera quickly saw the business potential in this breakthrough. But this was Latvia, he figured, where capitalism is wild and woolly.
Surely no one would notice if he made a few bucks on the side by hacking IGT's tech. There was a time when casinos only grudgingly tolerated slot machines. In the early years of Las Vegas, slots were relegated to the perimeter of casino floors, where they were expected to gobble up coins from women waiting on their blackjack-playing husbands. The machines' mechanical gears required constant maintenance, and the games were magnets for cheats.
Scammers became adept at techniques like affixing coins to fishing lines or covertly prying open service doors to monkey with the reels. But a salesman named William "Si" Redd had the foresight to realize that digital technology would eventually transform slots into a revenue powerhouse. In the early s, Redd was the independent Nevada distributor for the Bally Manufacturing Corporation of Chicago, which made the popular Money Honey slot machine.
Flush with cash from sales of that game and others like Big Bertha, Redd started acquiring tiny startups that were pioneering videogames, which at the time were considered little more than engineering novelties. One of his acquisitions, Raven Electronics of Reno, was developing a video blackjack machine; another, Nutting Associates of Mountain View, California, had created Computer Space , a primitive forerunner of Asteroids.
Redd planned on using these startups' know-how to help create video slot machines, which would replace fickle gears with reliable circuit boards. Such machines would require less maintenance and be less susceptible to cheating than their analog predecessors.
In the midst of Redd's buying spree, Bally offered to purchase his distributorship. Redd agreed with one condition: that he be allowed to retain the video-related patents he had acquired. Just as Redd had foreseen, IGT's video machines were a boon to casinos. In , slots generated 36 percent of Nevada's gaming revenue; by , with digital slots on the rise, that figure was up to 44 percent. But slots didn't truly become America's favorite casino pastime until a Norwegian mathematician named Inge Telnaes came up with the most brilliant gambling innovation since the point spread.
The problem with slot machines, as Telnaes saw it, was that their jackpots were limited by the number of reels they could use. Since players expected each reel to have no more than 10 to 15 symbols, a machine needed many reels to make the odds long enough to justify a huge payout when all the cherries or bells settled into a row.
But the more reels a machine had, the more players were reminded of the fact that their quest for riches would likely end in futility; no one wanted to try their luck on a machine with dozens of reels or, alternatively, hundreds and hundreds of symbols on enormous reels.
Telnaes' solution to this conundrum was US Patent Number 4,,, awarded in His invention called for slot machine results to be determined not by the spinning of reels but by a random-number generator.
The reels on such a machine would display only a visual representation of the generator's results, lining up when a winning number spit forth or far more frequently settling into a losing mishmash of symbols. The patent made possible the development of slot machines that could offer extremely long odds—and thus enticingly massive jackpots—while still appearing to have just a few tumblers. The controls parameter's definition has been updated to remove references to the deprecated Flash AS3 player.
The value 2 has been deprecated as it was originally designed to provide a performance improvement for embeds that loaded a Flash player. This document has been updated to remove references to the deprecated Flash AS3 player as well as to parameters only supported by that player.
The YouTube Flash player was deprecated in January The disablekb parameter definition has been corrected to note that the default value is 0 , which means that keyboard controls are enabled. A value of 1 indicates that keyboard controls should be disabled. The list of keyboard controls that the player supports has also been updated to include the following:. In addition, the effect of pressing the [arrow left] or [arrow right] keys has changed. These keys now jump 5 seconds back arrow left or ahead arrow right in the current video.
In addition to the Updated Terms , which will go into effect as of February 10, , this update includes several supporting documents to help explain the policies that developers must follow. The full set of new documents is described in the revision history for the Updated Terms. In addition, future changes to the Updated Terms or to those supporting documents will also be explained in that revision history.
You can subscribe to an RSS feed listing changes in that revision history from a link in that document. European Union EU laws require that certain disclosures must be given to and consents obtained from end users in the EU. The autohide parameter has been deprecated for the HTML5 player. In HTML5 players, the video progress bar and player controls display or hide automatically.
That behavior corresponds to an autohide setting of 1. The theme parameter has been deprecated for the HTML5 player. HTML5 players now always use the dark theme. A deprecation warning appears in several sections of this document to help point readers to the IFrame Player API as an alternative. The definition of the autohide parameter has been updated to clarify the meaning of the parameter's values.
Otherwise, those controls are visible throughout the video. The definition of the hl parameter has been updated to note that the parameter value could be an ISO two-letter language code or a fully specified locale. For example, fr and fr-ca are both valid parameter values.
The definition of the enablejsapi parameter has been reworded to clarify that the parameter enables a player to be controlled via API calls. The parameter descriptions have been updated accordingly. The new hl parameter can be used to set the player's interface language.
The interface language is used for tooltips in the player and also affects the default caption track. The selected caption track may also depend on the availability of caption tracks and user's individual language preferences. Setting the value to 1 causes inline playback. The controls parameter's definition has been updated to reflect the fact that the parameter value only affects the time that the Flash player actually loads in IFrame embeds.
In addition, for IFrame embeds, the parameter value also determines when the controls display in the player. If you set the parameter's value to 2 , then the controls display and the Flash player loads after the user initiates the video playback. YouTube no longer identifies experimental API features and services. The definition of the controls parameter has been updated to reflect support for a parameter value of 2 and to explain that, for AS3 players, the parameter value determines the time when the Flash player actually loads.
If the controls parameter is set to 0 or 1 , the Flash player loads immediately. If the parameter value is 2 , the Flash player does not load until the video playback is initiated. The HTML5 player now supports the color , modestbranding , and rel parameters, and the definitions for these parameters have been updated accordingly. The definition of the showinfo parameter has been updated to explain how that if the player is loading a playlist, and you explicitly set the parameter value to 1 , then, upon loading, the player will also display thumbnail images for the videos in the playlist.
Note that this functionality is only supported for the AS3 player since that is the only player that can load a playlist. The showinfo parameter's definition has been updated to reflect the fact that the HTML5 player supports this parameter. The new end parameter specifies the time, measured in seconds from the start of the video, when the player should stop playing a video.
Note that the time when playback is stopped is measured from the beginning of the video and not from the value of either the start player parameter or the startSeconds parameter, which is used in YouTube Player API functions for loading or queueing a video. The new Embedding a YouTube player section explains different ways to embed a YouTube player in your application.
This section incorporates information from the old Example usage section, which has been removed. He continued his career as a bandit until , when he was arrested for a train robbery in Georgia. He was incarcerated in the state penitentiary but escaped twice. After his second escape, he was found hiding in an old boxcar in a swamp. Miner was taken back to the prison, where he died.
It included the account Since Granddad lived from to and Bill was around from to , they can be considered contemporaries. Bill Miner. Ezra Allen Miner, more popularly known as Bill Miner, was an American bandit, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery.
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